Music Ontology Specification

Specification Document - 5 February 2007

Latest version:: http://purl.org/ontology/mo/
Last update:: $Date: 2007/02/5 010:32:43 $
Revision:: Revision: 1.2
Editor:: Frédérick Giasson - Zitgist; Yves Raimond - Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary, University of London
Authors:: Frédérick Giasson - Zitgist; Yves Raimond - Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary, University of London

	Music Ontology Sourceforge project
	Source code, Tools
	Music Ontology Specification Group
	Browse Archives
	Music Ontology Wiki
	Examples, datasets, working drafts

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. This copyright applies to the Music Ontology Specification and accompanying documentation and does not apply to Music Ontology data formats, ontology terms, or technology. Regarding underlying technology, Music Ontology relies heavily on W3C's RDF technology, an open Web standard that can be freely used by anyone.

This visual layout and structure of the specification was adapted from the FOAF Vocabulary Specification by Dan Brickley and Libby Miller and the SIOC Ontolofy Specification by Uldis Bojar and John G. Breslin. This document was automatically generated using the OntoSpec script.

Abstract

The Music Ontology Specification provides main concepts and properties fo describing music (i.e. artists, albums, tracks, but also performances, arrangements, etc.) on the Semantic Web. This document contains a detailed description of the Music Ontology.

Status of This Document

NOTE: This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document.

This specification is an evolving document. This document is generated by a machine-readable Music Ontology expressed in RDF/XML with a specification template.

Authors welcome suggestions on the Music Ontology and this document. This document may be updated or added to based on implementation experience, but no commitment is made by the authors regarding future updates.

Introduction
- Terminology and Notation
Music Ontology At A Glance
External Ontologies used by the Music Ontology At A Glance
Level 1 Terms At A Glance
Level 2 Terms At A Glance
Level 3 Terms At A Glance
Music Ontology Overview
Background
The Music Ontology Description
Music Ontology cross-reference: Classes, Properties and Individuals
Other ontologies use by the music Ontology cross-reference: Classes, Properties and Individuals
Ontology namespaces referenced
References
Change Log

Introduction

Internet changed the music industry. At first, sharing systems like Napster allowed people to share any song they had on their computer with millions other people. That new reality changed the music industry’s landscape for good, and many juridical battles followed. However, a biggest change followed a couple of years later. Communities like MySpace started to appear. Strong of millions of regular users, such communities helped garage bands and obscure musicians to create their musical niche: the longtail of the music industry. This second change is more profound than the first one: now any musician has the possibility to reach their audience by sharing their work on the Web. In the mean time, a free database called MusicBrainz archiving million of between artists, albums and tracks appeared; music suggesting services like Pandora or Last.FM started to appear and Apple started to sell individual tracks at 1$ with iTunes.

At that point, the music industry of the eighties leaded by blockbusters was completely changed.

The Music Ontology is an attempt to provide a vocabulary for linking a wide range music-related information, and to provide a democratic mechanism for doing so. Anybody can publish Music Ontology data and link it with existing data, in order to help create a music-related web of data. For example, John Doe may publish some information about a performance he saw last night (like the fact that he was there, and a review). Mary Doe may publish the fact that she attended the same performance, that she recorded it using her cell-phone, and that the corresponding item is available in her podcast. The Music Ontology provides a vocabulary to express information ranging from this example to:

In this performance was interpreted a particular arrangement of the Trout Quintet by Franz Schubert.

This work was performed ten times, but only two of these performances were recorded.

Ten takes of this particular track have been recorded, each of which with a particular microphone location.

"Come as You Are" by Nirvana was released on a single and the "Nevermind" album.

During this gig, the band played ten songs. During the last one (a cover of "Eight days a week"), 
the drummer from the support band joined them to play with them.

The Music Ontology is divided in three levels of expressiveness - from the simplest one to the more complex one. Everything is clustered around the following categories:

Level 1: aims at providing a vocabulary for simple editorial information (tracks/artists/releases, etc.)
Level 2: aims at providing a vocabulary for expressing the music creation workflow (composition, arrangement, performance, recording, etc.)
Level 3: aims at providing a vocabulary for complex event decomposition, to express, for example, what happened during a particular performance, what is the melody line of a particular work, etc.

Terminology and Notation

The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC 2119].

Namespace URIs of the general form "http://www.example.com/." represents some application-dependent or context-dependent URI as defined in RFC 2396 [RFC 2396].

The XML Namespace URI that MUST be used by implementations of this specification is:

http://purl.org/ontology/mo/

Music Ontology At A Glance

An alphabetical index of Music Ontology terms, by class (categories or types), by property and by individuals. All the terms are hyperlinked to their detailed description for quick reference.

External Ontologies used by the Music Ontology At A Glance

An alphabetical index of external ontologies terms, by class (categories or types), by property and by individuals, used by the Music Ontology. All the terms are hyperlinked to their detailed description for quick reference.

Individuals: | universaltimeline |

Music Ontology At A Glance - Level 1 terms

A list of terms used within the level 1 of the Music Ontology, therefore covering simple editorial information (tracks, releases, artists, groups, etc.).

Music Ontology At A Glance - Level 2 terms

A list of terms used within the level 2 of the Music Ontology, therefore covering information about the music creation workflow (Composition, Performance, Arrangement, Recording, etc.).

Individuals: |

Music Ontology At A Glance - Level 3 terms

A list of terms used within the level 3 of the Music Ontology, therefore covering event decomposition (`this particular performer was playing that particular instrument at that particular time').

Individuals: | universaltimeline |

Music Ontology Overview

The Music Ontology definitions presented here are written using a computer language (RDF/OWL) that makes it easy for software to process some basic facts about the terms in the Music Ontology, and consequently about the things described in Music Ontology documents. A Music Ontology document, unlike a traditional Web page, can be combined with other Music Ontology documents to create a unified database of information

Music Ontology Classes Hierarchy

There are the schemes of the hierarchy of the Music Ontology classes. These schemes show the interaction between the Music Ontology classes and other ontologies classes.

Schemes are available on the Music Ontology Wiki

RDF Document Examples

The list of RDF serializations (XML and N3) Examples can be found on the Music Ontology Wiki

Examples of SPARQL queries against these RDF graphs

The list of SPARQL queries and their description can be found on the Music Ontology Wiki

Background

The Music Ontology is an effort led by ZitGist LLC. and the Centre for Digital Music to express music-related information on the Semantic Web.

The Music Ontology is mainly influenced by:

More detailed are available on the Wiki publication page.

The Music Ontology Description

This specification serves as the Music Ontology "namespace document". As such it describes the Music Ontology and the terms (RDF classes and properties) that constitute it, so that Semantic Web applications can use those terms in a variety of RDF-compatible document formats and applications.

This document presents the Music Ontology as a Semantic Web vocabulary or Ontology. The Music Ontology is straightforward, pragmatic and designed to allow simultaneous deployment and extension, and is therefore intended for widescale use.

Evolution and Extension of the Music Ontology

The Music Ontology is identified by the namespace URI 'http://purl.org/ontology/mo/'.

Revisions and extensions of Music Ontology are conducted through edits to the namespace document, which by convention is published in the Web at the namespace URI.

The properties and types defined here provide some basic concepts for use in Music Ontology descriptions. Other vocabularies (e.g. the Dublin Core metadata elements for simple bibliographic description, FOAF, etc.) can also be mixed in with the Music Ontology terms, as can local extensions. The Music Ontology is designed to be extended, and modules may be added at a later date.

Music Ontology Modules

Music Ontology modules may be used to extend the ontology and avoid making the base ontology too complex. A list of available modules is available on the Wiki.

Time, and TimeLine, Event

The parts of the Music Ontology related to the production process of a particular piece of music (composition, performance, arrangement,...) as well as the parts dealing with time-related information are based on three external ontologies. The Music Ontology provides RDFS wrappers for the main classes, properties and individuals of these three ontologies.

The first ontology is: OWL-Time. Three terms of this ontology are used by the Music Ontology: TemporalThing, Instant and Interval.

However the kind of temporal information we may want to express goes a bit beyond OWL-Time, so we use an extension of it, developped in the Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary, University of London: the TimeLine ontology. Indeed, we may want to express instants and intervals on multiple "timelines" (a timeline being a coherent backbone for temporal things): the one backing a particular audio file, the one behind an audio/video stream, or the physical one, backing a musical performance. Two classes of timelines are defined: PhysicalTimeLine (an instance of it being universaltimeline, which is the one on which we may address "the 13th of october, 2006"), and RelativeTimeLine (instances of this class may back audio signals, and we may address things such as "between 2 and 3 seconds" on them).

There is only one way of addressing temporal things per class of timeline. On a physical time line, a point is identified by a xsd:dateTime -- through the beginsAtDateTime property, and a duration by a xsd:duration -- through the durationXSD property. On a relative time line, a point P is identified by the duration of the interval [0,P], and this duration is identified by a xsd:duration -- through the beginsAtDuration property. A duration is identified by durationXSD.

In order to express knowledge about the production process of a piece of music, we use the Event ontology, also developped at the Centre for Digital Music. Events are seen as a way to arbitrary classify a space/time region. We have the possibiliy to attach to these events: agents (active participants to the event, like a performer, a sound engineer, ...), factors (passive things having a role in the event, like a musical instrument, a musical score, ...) and products (things produced by the event, such as a sound, a musical work, ...). A key feature of this ontology is also to allow "splitting" of events, through the sub_event transitive property. Using events, we may express: this musician was playing this instrument at this given time.

In the current version of the Music Ontology, the main sub-classes of Event are: Performance, Recording, Arrangement, Composition. However, given its abstract definition, we can describe lots of other things using this class: results of feature extraction, beat tracking, segmentation of songs...

Music Creation Workflow

In order to describe music-related events, we consider describing the workflow beginning with the creation of a musical work to its release on a particular record. This is our main description
paradigm, and was first used in the music production ontology developed at C4DM.

In the "easy" case (non-electronic music), We can describe this workflow within two boundaries: the simplest one and the most expressive one.

The simplest one consider the existence of 4 concepts within this workflow: MusicalWork (the musical work itself), Performance (the event corresponding to an actual performance
of the work), Signal (recording the performance as a signal), and MusicalManifestation (the release of this signal on a particular record).

The most expressive one consider the existence of 7 concepts: Composition (the event leading to the creation of a musical work), MusicalWork, Performance, Sound (the physical sound
produced by the performance), Recording (the event representing the transduction from a physical sound to a signal, through the use of a microphone), Signal, and MusicalManifestation.

Thus, we could imagine other ontologies plugged on top of MO, in order to represent the cognition of a sound (related to Sound), the different types of microphones that can be used (related to Recording), and so on.

In order to switch from the simplest workflow to the most expressive one, we define a single shortcut property: recorded_as, directly linking a Performance to a Signal. This property MUST be present in every case, in order to be able to do a simple query for accessing simple information.

A Music Production Workflow in the Music Ontology

The Music Ontology and Standards

It is important to understand that the Music Ontology as specified in this document is not a standard in the sense of ISO Standardisation, or that associated with W3C Process.

The Music Ontology depends heavily on W3C's standards work, specifically on XML, XML Namespaces, RDF, and OWL. All the Music Ontology documents must be well-formed RDF/XML documents.

This specification contributes an ontology, the "Music Ontology ", to the Semantic Web, specifying it using W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF). As such, the Music Ontology adopts by reference both a syntax (using XML), a data model (RDF graphs) and a mathematically grounded definition for the rules that underpin the RDF design.

The Music Ontology and RDF

Why does the Music Ontology use RDF?

The Music Ontology is an application of the Resource Description Framework (RDF) because the subject area we're describing – music: artists, albums and tracks -- has so many competing requirements that a standalone format would not capture them or would lead to trying to describe these requirements in a number of incompatible formats. By using RDF, the Music Ontology gains a powerful extensibility mechanism, allowing Music-Ontology-based descriptions to be mixed with claims made in any other RDF vocabulary.

This is for that reason that the RDF document examples at the beginning of this document suggested to use the FOAF ontology to describe the Person, and its relations with other Person (artist or non-artist), and to use the Music Ontology to specify that that Person is also an Artist. That way, we can re-use other ontologies such as the Relationship ontology, in conjunction with the FOAF ontology, to describe different relationship between Artists.

The Music Ontology as an ontology cannot incorporate everything we might want to talk about that is related to music: artists (people), albums and tracks. Instead of covering all topics within the Music Ontology itself, we describe the basic topics and build into a larger framework - RDF - that allows us to take advantage of work elsewhere on more specific description vocabularies.

RDF provides the Music Ontology with a way to mix together different descriptive vocabularies in a consistent way. Vocabularies can be created by different communities and groups as appropriate and mixed together as required, without needing any centralized agreement on how terms from different vocabularies can be written down in XML or N3.

Check the Ontology namespaces referenced section to find some ontologies that ca be use in conjonction with the Music Ontology.

This mixing happens in two ways: firstly, RDF provides an underlying model of (typed) objects and their attributes or relationships. mo:Album is an example of a type of object (a "class"), while mo:compilation_of and mo:has_track are examples of a relationship and an attribute of an mo:Album; in RDF we call these "properties". Any vocabulary described in RDF shares this basic model, which is discernable in the syntax for RDF, and which removes one level of confusion in understanding a given vocabulary, making it simpler to comprehend and therefore reuse a vocabulary that you have not written yourself. This is the minimal self-documentation that RDF gives you.

Secondly, there are mechanisms for saying which RDF properties are connected to which classes, and how different classes are related to each other, using RDF Syntax and OWL. These can be quite general (all RDF properties by default come from an rdf:Resource for example) or very specific and precise (for example by using OWL constructs). This is another form of self-documentation, which allows you to connect different vocabularies together as you please.

In summary then, RDF is self-documenting in ways which enable the creation and combination of vocabularies in a devolved manner. This is particularly important for an ontology which describes communities, since online communities connect to many other domains of interest, which it would be impossible (as well as suboptimal) for a single group to describe adequately in non-geological time.

RDF is usually written using the XML or N3 syntaxes. If you want to process the data, you will need to use one of the many RDF toolkits available, such as Jena (Java) or Redland (C).

More information about RDF can be found in the RDF Primer.

The Music Ontology cross-reference: Classes, Properties and Individuals

The Music Ontology introduces the following classes, properties and individuals. See the Music Ontology namespace document in RDF/XML for more detail.

Classes, Properties and Individuals (full detail)

Class: tl:AbstractTimeLine - unstable - level 3

AbstractTimeLine - Abstract time lines may be used as a backbone for Score, Works, ...
This allows for TimeLine maps to relate works to a given performance (this note was played at this time).
No coordinate systems are defined for these timelines. Their structure is implicitly defined
by the relations between time objects defined on them (eg. this note is before this note, which is
before this silent, which is at the same time as this note).

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sub-class-of:	TimeLine	TimeLine

Class: foaf:Agent - stable - level 1

Agent - An agent (person, group, software, etc.).

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in-range-of:	similar_to	engineer	listener	conductor	performer	collaborated_with	publisher	producer	composer	agent	member	maker
in-domain-of:	free_download	preview_download	download	musicbrainz	wikipedia	similar_to	engineered	listened	conducted	performed	exchange_item	sell_item	want_item	possess_item	collaborated_with	published	produced	onlinecommunity	myspace	isAgentIn	made

Class: mo:AnalogSignal - stable - level 2

AnalogSignal - An analog signal.

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in-range-of:	sampled_version_of
in-domain-of:	sampled_version
sub-class-of:	Signal	Signal

Class: mo:Arrangement - stable - level 2

Arrangement - An arrangement event.
Takes as agent the arranger, and produces a score (informational object, not the actually published score).

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in-range-of:	arranged_in
in-domain-of:	genre	arrangement_of	produced_score
sub-class-of:	Event	Event

Class: mo:AudioFile - unstable - level 1

AudioFile - An audio file, which may be available on a local file system or through http, ftp, etc.

[back to top]

in-domain-of:	encoding
sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:CD - unstable - level 1

CD - Compact Disc used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:Composition - stable - level 2

Composition - A composition event.
Takes as agent the composer himself.
It produces a MusicalWork, or a MusicalExpression (when the initial "product" is a score, for example), or both...

[back to top]

in-range-of:	composed_in
in-domain-of:	genre	produced_work	composer
sub-class-of:	Event	Event

Class: mo:CorporateBody - stable - level 1

CorporateBody - Organization or group of individuals and/or other organizations involved in the music market.

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in-domain-of:	imdb	mailorder	free_download	paid_download	preview_download	download	discogs
sub-class-of:	Organization	Organization

Class: mo:DAT - unstable - level 1

DAT - Data Audio Tape used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:DCC - unstable - level 1

DCC - Digital Compact Cassette used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:DVDA - unstable - level 1

DVDA - DVD-Audio used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:DigitalSignal - stable - level 2

DigitalSignal - A digital signal

[back to top]

in-range-of:	sampled_version
in-domain-of:	bitsPerSample	sample_rate	sampled_version_of
sub-class-of:	Signal	Signal

Class: mo:ED2K - unstable - level 1

ED2K - Something available on the E-Donkey peer-2-peer filesharing network

[back to top]

sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: event:Event - stable - level 2

Event -
An event: a way of arbitrary classifying a space/time region.
An event has agents (active entities contributing to the event -- a performer, a composer, an engineer, ...),
factors (passive entities contributing to the event -- flute, score, ...),
and products (things produced by the event -- sound, signal, score, ...). For
example, we may describe as Events: performances, composition events, recordings, arrangements,
creation of a musical group, separation of a musical group,
but also sounds, signals, notes (in a score)...

[back to top]

in-range-of:	producedIn	isFactorOf	isAgentIn	sub_event
in-domain-of:	event_homepage	product	factor	agent	sub_event	place	time

Class: mo:Festival - stable - level 2

Festival - A festival - musical/artistic event lasting several days, like Glastonbury, Rock Am Ring...
We migth decompose this event (which is in fact just a classification of the space/time region related to
a particular festival) using hasSubEvent in several performances at different space/time.

[back to top]

sub-class-of:	Event	Event

Class: mo:Genre - stable - level 2

Genre - An expressive style of music.

Any taxonomy can be plug-in here. You can either define a genre by yourself, like this:

:mygenre a mo:Genre; dc:title "electro rock".

Or you can refer to a DBPedia genre (such as http://dbpedia.org/resource/Baroque_music), allowing semantic web
clients to access easily really detailed structured information about the genre you are refering to.

[back to top]

in-range-of:	similar_to	genre
in-domain-of:	wikipedia	similar_to

Class: foaf:Group - stable - level 1

Group - A group of agents.

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in-range-of:	member_of
in-domain-of:	member

Class: time:Instant - stable - level 2

Instant - A time point (eg. "now":-) )

[back to top]

in-domain-of:	onTimeLine	atDuration	atDateTime

Class: mo:Instrument - stable - level 2

Instrument - Any of various devices or contrivances that can be used to produce musical tones or sound.

Any taxonomy can be used to subsume this concept. The default one is one extracted by Ivan Herman
from the Musicbrainz instrument taxonomy, conforming to SKOS. This concept holds a seeAlso link
towards this taxonomy.

[back to top]

in-range-of:	instrument
in-domain-of:	wikipedia

Class: mo:Instrumentation - stable - level 2

Instrumentation - Instrumentation deals with the techniques of writing music for a specific instrument,
including the limitations of the instrument, playing techniques and idiomatic handling of the instrument.

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sub-class-of:	Arrangement	Arrangement

Class: time:Interval - stable - level 2

Interval - A time interval (eg. "the year 1994")

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in-range-of:	intervalBefore	intervalMeets	intervalDuring
in-domain-of:	onTimeLine	intervalBefore	intervalMeets	intervalDuring	durationXSD	beginsAtDuration	beginsAtDateTime

Class: mo:Label - stable - level 1

Label - Trade name of a company that produces musical works or expression of musical works.

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sub-class-of:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody

Class: mo:Libretto - stable - level 2

Libretto - Libretto

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in-range-of:	publication_of
in-domain-of:	published_as
sub-class-of:	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression

Class: mo:Lyrics - stable - level 2

Lyrics - Lyrics

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in-range-of:	publication_of
in-domain-of:	published_as
sub-class-of:	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression

Class: mo:MD - unstable - level 1

MD - Mini Disc used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:MagneticTape - unstable - level 1

MagneticTape - Magnetic analogue tape used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:Medium - unstable - level 1

Medium - A means or instrumentality for storing or communicating musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	MusicalItem	MusicalItem

Class: mo:Movement - unstable - level 2

Movement - A movement is a self-contained part of a musical work. While individual or selected movements from a composition are sometimes performed separately, a performance of the complete work requires all the movements to be performed in succession.

Often a composer attempts to interrelate the movements thematically, or sometimes in more subtle ways, in order that the individual
movements exert a cumulative effect. In some forms, composers sometimes link the movements, or ask for them to be played without a
pause between them.

[back to top]

in-range-of:	movement
in-domain-of:	movement_number
sub-class-of:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork

Class: mo:MusicArtist - stable - level 1

MusicArtist - A person or a group of people (or a computer :-) ), whose musical
creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

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in-range-of:	tribute_to	supporting_musician	djmixed_by	compiler	sampler	remixer
in-domain-of:	imdb	mailorder	paid_download	discogs	musicmoz	supporting_musician	djmixed	compiled	sampled	remixed	discography	biography	fanpage
sub-class-of:	Agent	Agent

Class: mo:MusicGroup - stable - level 1

MusicGroup - Group of musicians, or musical ensemble, usually popular or folk, playing parts of or improvising off of a musical arrangement.

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sub-class-of:	Group	Group	MusicArtist	MusicArtist

Class: mo:MusicalExpression - unstable - level 1

MusicalExpression - The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, etc., or any combination of such forms.

For example:

Work #1 Franz Schubert's Trout quintet

* Expression #1 the composer's score
* Expression #2 sound issued from the performance by the Amadeus Quartet and Hephzibah Menuhin on piano
* Expression #3 sound issued from the performance by the Cleveland Quartet and Yo-Yo Ma on the cello
* . . . .

The Music Ontology defines the following sub-concepts of a MusicalExpression, which should be used instead of MusicalExpression itself: Score (the
result of an arrangement), Sound (produced during a performance), Signal. However, it is possible to stick to FRBR and bypass the worflow
mechanism this ontology defines by using the core FRBR properties on such objects. But it is often better to use events to interconnect such
expressions (allowing to go deeply into the production process - `this performer was playing this particular instrument at that
particular time').

[back to top]

in-domain-of:	imdb	discogs	musicmoz	image	manifestation
sub-class-of:	Expression

Class: mo:MusicalItem - unstable - level 1

MusicalItem - A single exemplar of a musical expression.

For example, it could be a single exemplar of a CD. This is normally an single object (a CD) possessed by somebody.

From the FRBR final report: The entity defined as item is a concrete entity. It is in many instances a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.). There are instances, however, where the entity defined as item comprises more than one physical object (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.).

In terms of intellectual content and physical form, an item exemplifying a manifestation is normally the same as the manifestation itself. However, variations may occur from one item to another, even when the items exemplify the same manifestation, where those variations are the result of actions external to the intent of the producer of the manifestation (e.g., damage occurring after the item was produced, binding performed by a library, etc.).

[back to top]

in-range-of:	preview	item	available_as
in-domain-of:	image	encodes

Class: mo:MusicalManifestation - stable - level 1

MusicalManifestation -
This entity is related to the edition/production/publication of a musical expression (musical manifestation are closely related with the music industry (their terms, concepts, definitions, methods (production, publication, etc.), etc.)

From the FRBR final report: The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials, including manuscripts, books, periodicals, maps, posters, sound recordings, films, video recordings, CD-ROMs, multimedia kits, etc. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.

Work #1 J. S. Bach's Six suites for unaccompanied cello

* Expression #1 sound issued during the performance by Janos Starker recorded in 1963 and 1965
o Manifestation #1 recordings released on 33 1/3 rpm sound discs in 1965 by Mercury
o Manifestation #2 recordings re-released on compact disc in 1991 by Mercury
* Expression #2 sound issued during the performances by Yo-Yo Ma recorded in 1983
o Manifestation #1 recordings released on 33 1/3 rpm sound discs in 1983 by CBS Records
o Manifestation #2 recordings re-released on compact disc in 1992 by CBS Records

Changes that occur deliberately or even inadvertently in the production process that affect the copies result, strictly speaking, in a new manifestation. A manifestation resulting from such a change may be identified as a particular "state" or "issue" of the publication.

Changes that occur to an individual copy after the production process is complete (e.g., the loss of a page, rebinding, etc.) are not considered to result in a new manifestation. That copy is simply considered to be an exemplar (or item) of the manifestation that deviates from the copy as produced.

With the entity defined as manifestation we can describe the physical characteristics of a set of items and the characteristics associated with the production and distribution of that set of items that may be important factors in enabling users to choose a manifestation appropriate to their physical needs and constraints, and to identify and acquire a copy of that manifestation.

Defining manifestation as an entity also enables us to draw relationships between specific manifestations of a work. We can use the relationships between manifestations to identify, for example, the specific publication that was used to create a microreproduction.

[back to top]

in-range-of:	made	other_release_of	published	compiled	produced	manifestation
in-domain-of:	imdb	discogs	musicbrainz	musicmoz	image	maker	preview	item	available_as	release_status	release_type	tribute_to	other_release_of	compilation_of	publishing_location	publisher	compiler	producer
sub-class-of:	Manifestation

Class: mo:MusicalWork - stable - level 2

MusicalWork - Distinct intellectual or artistic musical creation.

From the FRBR final report: A work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. We recognize the work through individual realizations or expressions of the work, but the work itself exists only in the commonality of
content between and among the various expressions of the work. When we speak of Homer's Iliad as a work, our point of reference is not a particular recitation or text of the work, but the intellectual creation that lies behind all the various expressions of the work.

For example:

work #1 J. S. Bach's The art of the fugue

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in-range-of:	performance_of	arrangement_of	produced_work
in-domain-of:	imdb	discogs	musicbrainz	musicmoz	key	tempo	bpm	image	performed_in	movement	opus	arranged_in	composed_in
sub-class-of:	Work

Class: mo:Orchestration - stable - level 2

Orchestration - Orchestration includes, in addition to instrumentation, the handling of groups of instruments and their balance and interaction.

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sub-class-of:	Arrangement	Arrangement

Class: foaf:Organization - stable - level 1

Organization - An organization.

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Class: tl:OriginMap - stable - level 3

OriginMap - This time line map represents the relation between the physical timeline and a
continuous time line where the origin is at a given point on the physical timeline
(eg. "the timeline backing this signal corresponds
to the physical timeline: point 0 on this timeline corresponds to the
20th of december at 5pm").

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in-domain-of:	originAt
sub-class-of:	TimeLineMap	TimeLineMap

Class: mo:Performance - stable - level 2

Performance - A performance event.
It might include as agents performers, engineers, conductors, or even listeners.
It might include as factors a score, a MusicalWork, musical instruments.
It might produce a sound:-)

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in-range-of:	engineered	listened	conducted	performed	records	performed_in
in-domain-of:	engineer	key	tempo	bpm	genre	instrument	listener	conductor	performer	recorded_as	produced_sound	performance_of
sub-class-of:	Event	Event

Class: foaf:Person - stable -

Person - A person.

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in-domain-of:	member_of
sub-class-of:	SpatialThing	Agent	Agent

Class: tl:PhysicalTimeLine - stable - level 3

PhysicalTimeLine - Well, the actual physical time as we know it. I may want to address "yesterday" on instances
of this class, or "the year 1789"...

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sub-class-of:	TimeLine	TimeLine

Class: mo:PublishedLibretto - stable - level 2

PublishedLibretto - A published libretto

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in-range-of:	published_as
in-domain-of:	publication_of
sub-class-of:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation

Class: mo:PublishedLyrics - stable - level 2

PublishedLyrics - Published lyrics, as a book or as a text file, for example

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in-range-of:	published_as
in-domain-of:	publication_of
sub-class-of:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation

Class: mo:PublishedScore - stable - level 2

PublishedScore - A published score (subclass of MusicalManifestation)

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in-range-of:	published_as
in-domain-of:	publication_of
sub-class-of:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation

Class: mo:Record - stable - level 1

Record - A published record (manifestation which first aim is to render the product of a recording)

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in-range-of:	published_as	made
in-domain-of:	publication_of	maker	track
sub-class-of:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation

Class: mo:Recording - stable - level 2

Recording - A recording event.
Takes a sound as a factor to produce a signal (analog or digital).
The location of such events (if any) is the actual location of the corresponding
microphone or the "recording device".

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in-range-of:	engineered	recorded_in
in-domain-of:	engineer	genre	produced_signal	recording_of
sub-class-of:	Event	Event

Class: tl:RelativeTimeLine - stable - level 3

RelativeTimeLine - A semi-infinite continuous timeline. Instances of RelativeTimeLine can
back audio/video signals, sounds. Such timelines can
be linked to a physical time line using the OriginMap.

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sub-class-of:	TimeLine	TimeLine

Class: mo:ReleaseStatus - stable - level 1

ReleaseStatus - Musical manifestation release status.

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in-range-of:	release_status

Class: mo:ReleaseType - stable - level 1

ReleaseType - Release type of a particular manifestation, such as "album" or "interview"...

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in-range-of:	release_type

Class: mo:SACD - unstable - level 1

SACD - Super Audio Compact Disc used as medium to record a musical manifestation.

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:Score - stable - level 2

Score - Here, we are dealing with the informational object (the MusicalExpression), not the actually "published" score.
This may be, for example, the product of an arrangement process.

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in-range-of:	publication_of	performance_of	produced_score
in-domain-of:	published_as	performed_in
sub-class-of:	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression

Class: mo:Show - stable - level 2

Show - A show - a musical event lasting several days, in a particular venue. Examples can be
"The Magic Flute" at the Opera Bastille, August 2005, or a musical in the west end...

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sub-class-of:	Event	Event

Class: mo:Signal - stable - level 1

Signal - A subclass of MusicalExpression, representing a Signal. Realisation of a MusicalWork through both a Performance and a Recording.

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in-range-of:	similar_to	publication_of	mashup_of	remaster_of	djmix_of	compilation_of	medley_of	remix_of	djmixed	contains_sample_from	sampled	remixed	encodes	recorded_as	produced_signal
in-domain-of:	musicbrainz	similar_to	published_as	mashup_of	remaster_of	djmix_of	medley_of	remix_of	djmixed_by	contains_sample_from	sampler	remixer	isrc	puid	trmid	channels	time	records
sub-class-of:	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression

Class: mo:SoloMusicArtist - stable - level 1

SoloMusicArtist - Single person whose musical creative work shows sensitivity and imagination.

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sub-class-of:	Person	Person	MusicArtist	MusicArtist

Class: mo:Sound - stable - level 2

Sound - A subclass of MusicalExpression, representing a sound. Realisation of a MusicalWork during a musical Performance.

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in-range-of:	recording_of	produced_sound
in-domain-of:	recorded_in
sub-class-of:	Event	Event	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression

Class: mo:Stream - unstable - level 1

Stream - Transmission over a network used as medium to broadcast a musical manifestation

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: tl:TimeLine - stable - level 3

TimeLine -
A time line -- a coherent "backbone" for addressing points and intervals.
We can consider the timeline backing an audio/video signal, the one
corresponding to the "physical" time, or even the one backing a score.
Here, we consider that the timeline is *also* its coordinate system, for
simplification purposes. In the DL version of the timeline ontology,
coordinate systems are defined through restrictions on the way to
address time points/intervals on a timeline.

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in-range-of:	rangeTimeLine	domainTimeLine	onTimeLine

Class: tl:TimeLineMap - stable - level 3

TimeLineMap - Two time lines can be related, such as the one backing a continuous signal and
the one backing the digitized signal. This sort of relation is expressed through an instance
of a TimeLine map (eg. "the timeline backing this signal corresponds
to the physical timeline: point 0 on this timeline corresponds to the
20th of december at 5pm").

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in-domain-of:	rangeTimeLine	domainTimeLine

Class: mo:Torrent - unstable - level 1

Torrent - Something available on the Bittorrent peer-2-peer filesharing network

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Class: mo:Track - stable - level 1

Track - A track on a particular record

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in-range-of:	made	track
in-domain-of:	maker	olga	track_number
sub-class-of:	Record	Record

Class: mo:Vinyl - unstable - level 1

Vinyl - Vinyl used as medium to record a musical manifestation

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sub-class-of:	Medium	Medium

Property: event:agent - stable - level 2

agent - Associates an event to an active agent.
Example: an engineer, a performer, a composer...

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	event:isAgentIn

Property: mo:amazon_asin - stable - level 1

amazon_asin - Used to link a work or the expression of a work to its corresponding Amazon ASINs page.

Domain:	Item	Manifestation	Expression	Work
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:arranged_in - unstable - level 2

arranged_in - Associates a work to an arrangement event where it was arranged

Domain:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	Arrangement	Arrangement
Inverse-of:	mo:arrangement_of
Sub-property-of:	isFactorOf	isFactorOf

Property: mo:arrangement_of - unstable - level 2

arrangement_of - Associates an arrangement event to a work

Domain:	Arrangement	Arrangement
Range:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Inverse-of:	mo:arranged_in
Sub-property-of:	factor	factor

Property: tl:atDateTime - stable - level 2

atDateTime - Place a time point on the universal time line by using xsd:dateTime.

Domain:	Instant	Instant
Range:	xsd:dateTime

Property: tl:atDuration - stable - level 3

atDuration - Place a time point on an abstract time line by expressing its distance to
the point 0, through xsd:duration (example: this instant is at 2s after 0 --> T2S)

Domain:	Instant	Instant
Range:	xsd:duration

Property: mo:available_as - stable - level 1

available_as - Relates a musical manifestation to a musical item (this album, and my particular cd). By using
this property, there is no assumption on wether the full content is available on the linked item.
To be explicit about this, you can use a sub-property, such as mo:item (the full manifestation
is available on that item) or mo:preview (only a part of the manifestation is available on
that item).

This is a subproperty of frbr:examplar.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	MusicalItem	MusicalItem
Sub-property-of:	frbr:exemplar

Property: tl:beginsAtDateTime - stable - level 3

beginsAtDateTime - Links an interval on a physical timeline to its actual start point,
expressed using xsd:dateTime

Domain:	Interval	Interval
Range:	xsd:dateTime

Property: tl:beginsAtDuration - stable - level 3

beginsAtDuration - Links an interval on a semi-infinite continuous time line to its
start point, addressed using xsd:duration (duration between 0 and the
start point)

Domain:	Interval	Interval
Range:	xsd:duration

Property: mo:biography - stable - level 1

biography - Used to link an artist to their online biography.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:bitsPerSample - stable - level 1

bitsPerSample - Associates a digital signal to the number a bits used to encode one sample. Range is xsd:int.

Domain:	DigitalSignal	DigitalSignal
Range:	xsd:int

Property: mo:bpm - stable - level 2

bpm - Indicates the BPM of a MusicalWork or a particular Performance
Beats per minute: the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds.

Domain:	Performance	Performance	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	xsd:float

Property: mo:channels - stable - level 1

channels - Associates a signal to the number of channels it holds (mono --> 1, stereo --> 2). Range is xsd:int.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	xsd:int

Property: mo:collaborated_with - unstable - level 1

collaborated_with - Used to relate two collaborating people on a work.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Agent	Agent

Property: mo:compilation_of - unstable - level 1

compilation_of - Indicates that a musical manifestation is a compilation of several Signals.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:compiled - unstable - level 1

compiled - Used to relate an person or a group of person who compiled the manifestation of a musical work.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Inverse-of:	mo:compiler

Property: mo:compiler - unstable - level 1

compiler - Used to relate the manifestation of a musical work to a person or a group of person who compiled it.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Inverse-of:	mo:compiled

Property: mo:composed_in - unstable - level 2

composed_in - Associates a MusicalWork to the Composition event pertaining
to its creation. For example, I might use this property to associate
the Magic Flute to its composition event, occuring during 1782 and having as
a mo:composer Mozart.

Domain:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	Composition	Composition
Inverse-of:	mo:produced_work
Sub-property-of:	producedIn	producedIn

Property: mo:composer - stable - level 2

composer - Associates a composition event to the actual composer. For example,
this property could link the event corresponding to the composition of the
Magic Flute in 1782 to Mozart himself (who obviously has a FOAF profile:-) ).

Domain:	Composition	Composition
Range:	Agent	Agent
Sub-property-of:	agent	agent

Property: mo:conducted - unstable - level 2

conducted - Relates agents to the performances they were conducting

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Performance	Performance
Inverse-of:	mo:conductor
Sub-property-of:	isAgentIn	isAgentIn

Property: mo:conductor - stable - level 2

conductor - Relates a performance to the conductor involved

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	mo:conducted
Sub-property-of:	agent	agent

Property: mo:contains_sample_from - unstable - level 1

contains_sample_from - Relates a signal to another signal, which has been sampled.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:discography - stable - level 1

discography - Used to links an artist to an online discography of their musical works. The discography should provide a summary of each released musical work of the artist.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:discogs - stable - level 1

discogs - Used to link a musical work or the expression of a musical work, an artist or a corporate body to to its corresponding Discogs page.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	MusicArtist	MusicArtist	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:djmix_of - unstable - level 1

djmix_of - Indicates that all (or most of) the tracks of a musical work or the expression of a musical work were mixed together from all (or most of) the tracks from another musical work or the expression of a musical work to form a so called DJ-Mix.

The tracks might have been altered by pitching (so that the tempo of one track matches the tempo of the following track) and fading (so that one track blends in smoothly with the other). If the tracks have been more substantially altered, the "mo:remix" relationship type is more appropriate.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:djmixed - unstable - level 1

djmixed - Used to relate an artist who djmixed a musical work or the expression of a musical work.

The artist usually selected the tracks, chose their sequence, and slightly changed them by fading (so that one track blends in smoothly with the other) or pitching (so that the tempo of one track matches the tempo of the following track). This applies to a 'Mixtape' in which all tracks were DJ-mixed together into one single long track.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	Signal	Signal
Inverse-of:	mo:djmixed_by

Property: mo:djmixed_by - unstable - level 1

djmixed_by - Used to relate a work or the expression of a work to an artist who djmixed it.

The artist usually selected the tracks, chose their sequence, and slightly changed them by fading (so that one track blends in smoothly with the other) or pitching (so that the tempo of one track matches the tempo of the following track). This applies to a 'Mixtape' in which all tracks were DJ-mixed together into one single long track.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Inverse-of:	mo:djmixed

Property: tl:domainTimeLine - stable - level 3

domainTimeLine - This property allows to associate a TimeLineMap with the first TimeLine it maps

Domain:	TimeLineMap	TimeLineMap
Range:	TimeLine	TimeLine

Property: mo:download - stable - level 1

download - This property can be used to link from a person to the website where they make their works available, or from
a manifestation (a track or an album, for example) to a web page where it is available for
download.

It is better to use one of the three sub-properties instead of this one in order to specify wether the
content can be accessed for free (mo:freedownload), if it is just free preview material (mo:previewdownload), or
if it can be accessed for some money (mo:paiddownload) (this includes links to the Amazon store, for example).

This property MUST be used only if the content is just available through a web page (holding, for example
a Flash application) - it is better to link to actual content directly through the use of mo:available_as and
mo:Stream, mo:Torrent or mo:ED2K, etc. Therefore, Semantic Web user agents that don't know how to read HTML and even
less to rip streams from Flash applications can still access the audio content.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	Agent	Agent	Manifestation
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: tl:durationXSD - stable - level 2

durationXSD - Links an interval to its duration using xsd:duration

Domain:	Interval	Interval
Range:	xsd:duration

Property: mo:encodes - unstable - level 1

encodes - Relates a MusicalItem (a track on a particular CD, an audio file, a stream somewhere) to the signal it encodes.

This is usually a lower-resolution version of the master signal (issued from a Recording event).

Domain:	MusicalItem	MusicalItem
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:encoding - unstable - level 1

encoding - Method used to convert analog electronic signals into digital format such as "MP3 CBR @ 128kbps", "OGG @ 160kbps", "FLAC", etc.

Domain:	AudioFile	AudioFile
Range:	rdfs:Literal

Property: mo:engineer - stable - level 2

engineer - Relates a performance or a recording to the engineer involved

Domain:	Recording	Recording	Performance	Performance
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	mo:engineered
Sub-property-of:	agent	agent

Property: mo:engineered - unstable - level 2

engineered - Relates agents to the performances/recordings they were engineering in

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Recording	Recording	Performance	Performance
Inverse-of:	mo:engineer
Sub-property-of:	isAgentIn	isAgentIn

Property: mo:event_homepage - stable - level 2

event_homepage - Links a particular event to a web page

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:exchange_item - stable - level 1

exchange_item - A person, a group of person or an organization exchanging an exemplar of a single manifestation.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Item

Property: event:factor - stable - level 2

factor - Associates an event to a passive factor of it.
Example: a flute, a musical score, a musical work...

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	rdfs:Resource
Inverse-of:	event:isFactorOf

Property: mo:fanpage - stable - level 1

fanpage - Used to link an artist to a fan-created webpage devoted to that artist.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:free_download - stable - level 1

free_download - This property can be used to link from a person to the website where they make their works available, or from
a manifestation (a track or an album, for example) to a web page where it is available for free
download.

This property MUST be used only if the content is just available through a web page (holding, for example
a Flash application) - it is better to link to actual content directly through the use of mo:available_as and
mo:Stream, mo:Torrent or mo:ED2K, etc. Therefore, Semantic Web user agents that don't know how to read HTML and even
less to rip streams from Flash applications can still access the audio content.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	Agent	Agent	Manifestation
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	download	download	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:genre - stable - level 2

genre - Associates an event (like a performance or a recording) to a particular musical genre.
Further version of this property may also include works and scores in the domain.

Domain:	Recording	Recording	Composition	Composition	Arrangement	Arrangement	Performance	Performance
Range:	Genre	Genre
Sub-property-of:	factor	factor

Property: mo:image - stable - level 1

image - Indicates a pictorial image (JPEG, GIF, PNG, Etc.) of a musical work, the expression of a musical work, the manifestation of a work or the examplar of a manifestation.

Domain:	MusicalItem	MusicalItem	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	rdfs:Resource
Sub-property-of:	foaf:depiction

Property: mo:imdb - stable - level 1

imdb - Used to link an artist, a musical work or the expression of a musical work to their equivalent page on IMDb, the InternetMovieDatabase.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	MusicArtist	MusicArtist	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:instrument - stable - level 2

instrument - Relates a performance to a musical instrument involved

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	Instrument	Instrument
Sub-property-of:	factor	factor

Property: time:intervalBefore - stable - level 2

intervalBefore - One of Allen's relations. Specifies that an interval is before an other.

Domain:	Interval	Interval
Range:	Interval	Interval

Property: time:intervalDuring - stable - level 2

intervalDuring - One of Allen's relations. Specifies that an interval occurs during an other.
It is really handy to express things like "it happened the 15th of august, but I do not remember exactly when".

Domain:	Interval	Interval
Range:	Interval	Interval

Property: time:intervalMeets - stable - level 2

intervalMeets - One of Allen's relations. Specifies that an interval meets an other one.

Domain:	Interval	Interval
Range:	Interval	Interval

Property: event:isAgentIn - stable - level 2

isAgentIn - Associates an agent to an event.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Event	Event
Inverse-of:	event:agent

Property: event:isFactorOf - stable - level 2

isFactorOf - Associates a factor to an event

Domain:	rdfs:Resource
Range:	Event	Event
Inverse-of:	event:factor

Property: mo:isrc - stable - level 1

isrc - The ISRC (International Standard Recording Code) is the international identification system for sound recordings and music videorecordings.
Each ISRC is a unique and permanent identifier for a specific recording which can be permanently encoded into a product as its digital fingerprint.
Encoded ISRC provide the means to automatically identify recordings for royalty payments.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	xsd:string

Property: mo:item - testing - level 1

item - Relates a musical manifestation to a musical item (this album, and my particular cd) holding the
entire manifestation, and not just a part of it.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	MusicalItem	MusicalItem
Sub-property-of:	available_as	available_as

Property: mo:key - stable - level 2

key - Indicated the key used by the musicians during a performance, or the key of a MusicalWork.
Any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music.

Range:
Domain:	Performance	Performance	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Sub-property-of:	factor	factor

Property: mo:licence - stable - level 1

licence - Used to link a work or the expression of a work to the license under which they can be manipulated (downloaded, modified, etc).

This is usually used to link to a Creative Commons licence.

Domain:	Manifestation	Expression	Work
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:listened - unstable - level 2

listened - Relates agents to the performances they were listening in

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Performance	Performance
Inverse-of:	mo:listener
Sub-property-of:	isAgentIn	isAgentIn

Property: mo:listener - stable - level 2

listener - Relates a performance to the listener involved

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	mo:listened
Sub-property-of:	agent	agent

Property: foaf:made - stable - level 1

made - Relates an agent to a manifestation he contributed to create.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Track	Track	Record	Record	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Inverse-of:	foaf:made

Property: mo:mailorder - stable - level 1

mailorder - Used to link a musical work or the expression of a musical work to a website where people can buy a copy of the musical manifestation.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	MusicArtist	MusicArtist	Manifestation
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: foaf:maker - stable - level 1

maker - Relates a manifestation to an agent who contributed to create it.
This property might be used for weak assertion of such a relationship. In case we want
to attach a more concrete role (this agent performed, or was the composer, etc.), we must
use mo:Performer, mo:MusicalWork/mo:Composition, etc. This indeed allows to specify where a
particular agent took part in the actual workflow.

Domain:	Track	Track	Record	Record	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	foaf:made

Property: mo:manifestation - unstable - level 1

manifestation - Links a MusicalExpression to its manifestations, subproperty of frbr:embodiment

Domain:	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression
Range:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Sub-property-of:	frbr:embodiment

Property: mo:mashup_of - unstable - level 1

mashup_of - Indicates that musical works or the expressions of a musical work were mashed up on this album or track.

This means that two musical works or the expressions of a musical work by different artists are mixed together, over each other, or otherwise combined into a single musical work (usually by a third artist, the remixer).

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:medley_of - unstable - level 1

medley_of - Indicates that a musical expression is a medley of several other musical expressions.

This means that the orignial musical expression were rearranged to create a new musical expression in the form of a medley.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: foaf:member - stable - level 1

member - Indicates a member of a Group

Domain:	Group	Group
Range:	Agent	Agent

Property: mo:member_of - unstable - level 1

member_of - Inverse of the foaf:member property

Domain:	Person	Person
Range:	Group	Group
Inverse-of:	foaf:member

Property: mo:movement - unstable - level 2

movement - Indicates that a musical work has movements

Domain:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	Movement	Movement

Property: mo:movement_number - unstable - level 2

movement_number - Indicates the position of a movement in a musical work.

Domain:	Movement	Movement
Range:	xsd:int

Property: mo:musicbrainz - stable - level 1

musicbrainz - Linking an agent, a track or a record to its corresponding Musicbrainz page.

Domain:	Signal	Signal	Agent	Agent	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:musicmoz - stable - level 1

musicmoz - Used to link an artist, a musical work or the expression of a musical work to its corresponding MusicMoz page.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation	MusicalExpression	MusicalExpression	MusicalWork	MusicalWork	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:myspace - stable - level 1

myspace - Used to link a person to its corresponding MySpace page.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:olga - stable - level 1

olga - Used to link a track to a tabulature file for track in the On-Line Guitar Archive.

Domain:	Track	Track
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: tl:onTimeLine - stable - level 3

onTimeLine - Links an instant or an interval to the timeline it is defined on (eg. "1970 is defined on the
time line universaltimeline", or "the interval between 0 and 2 minutes is defined on the time
line backing this sound and this signal").

Domain:	Instant	Instant	Interval	Interval
Range:	TimeLine	TimeLine

Property: mo:onlinecommunity - stable - level 1

onlinecommunity - Used to link a person with an online community web page like a blog, a wiki, a forum, a livejournal page, Etc.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:opus - stable - level 2

opus - Used to define a creative work, especially a musical composition numbered to designate the order of a composer's works.

Domain:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	rdfs:Literal

Property: tl:originAt - stable - level 3

originAt - This property specifies, for an OriginMap, the time point on the physical time line
0 on a RelativeTimeLine is equivalent to.

Domain:	OriginMap	OriginMap
Range:	rdfs:Literal

Property: mo:other_release_of - unstable - level 1

other_release_of - Indicates that two musical manifestations are essentially the same.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation

Property: mo:paid_download - stable - level 1

paid_download - Provide a link from an artist to a web page where all of that artist's musical work is available for some money,
or a link from a manifestation (record/track, for example) to a web page providing a paid access to this manifestation.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	MusicArtist	MusicArtist	Manifestation
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	download	download	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:performance_of - unstable - level 2

performance_of - Associates a Performance to a musical work or an arrangement that is being used as a factor in it.
For example, I might use this property to attach the Magic Flute musical work to
a particular Performance.

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork	Score	Score
Inverse-of:	mo:performed_in
Sub-property-of:	factor	factor

Property: mo:performed - unstable - level 2

performed - Relates agents to the performances they were performing in

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Performance	Performance
Inverse-of:	mo:performer
Sub-property-of:	isAgentIn	isAgentIn

Property: mo:performed_in - unstable - level 2

performed_in - Associates a Musical Work or an Score to Performances in which they were
a factor. For example, I might use this property in order to
associate the Magic Flute to a particular performance at the Opera
Bastille last year.

Domain:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork	Score	Score
Range:	Performance	Performance
Inverse-of:	mo:performance_of
Sub-property-of:	isFactorOf	isFactorOf

Property: mo:performer - stable - level 2

performer - Relates a performance to the performers involved

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	mo:performed
Sub-property-of:	agent	agent

Property: event:place - stable - level 2

place - Associate an event with a place.

The associated geographic object contains the actual geographic extent of the event.

For example, linking an event to Paris, France, will specify that this event happened somewhere
within this geographical object.

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	SpatialThing

Property: mo:possess_item - stable - level 1

possess_item - A person, a group of person or an organization possessing an exemplar of a single manifestation.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Item

Property: mo:preview - testing - level 1

preview - Relates a musical manifestation to a musical item (this album, and my particular cd), which holds
a preview of the manifestation (eg. one track for an album, or a snippet for a track)

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	MusicalItem	MusicalItem
Sub-property-of:	available_as	available_as

Property: mo:preview_download - stable - level 1

preview_download - This property can be used to link from a person to the website where they make previews of their works available, or from
a manifestation (a track or an album, for example) to a web page where a preview download is available.

This property MUST be used only if the content is just available through a web page (holding, for example
a Flash application) - it is better to link to actual content directly through the use of mo:available_as and
mo:Stream, mo:Torrent or mo:ED2K, etc. Therefore, Semantic Web user agents that don't know how to read HTML and even
less to rip streams from Flash applications can still access the audio content.

Domain:	CorporateBody	CorporateBody	Agent	Agent	Manifestation
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	download	download	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:produced - stable - level 1

produced - Used to relate an person or a group of person who produced the manifestation of a work.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Inverse-of:	mo:producer

Property: event:producedIn - stable - level 2

producedIn - Associates the product of an event to the event itself

Domain:	rdfs:Resource
Range:	Event	Event
Inverse-of:	event:product

Property: mo:produced_score - unstable - level 2

produced_score - Associates an arrangement event to a score product (score here does not refer to a published score, but more
an abstract arrangement of a particular work).

Domain:	Arrangement	Arrangement
Range:	Score	Score
Sub-property-of:	product	product

Property: mo:produced_signal - stable - level 2

produced_signal - Associates a Recording to the outputted signal.

Domain:	Recording	Recording
Range:	Signal	Signal
Sub-property-of:	product	product

Property: mo:produced_sound - stable - level 2

produced_sound - Associates a Performance to a physical Sound that is being produced by it.

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	Sound	Sound
Sub-property-of:	product	product

Property: mo:produced_work - stable - level 2

produced_work - Associates a composition event to the produced MusicalWork. For example,
this property could link the event corresponding to the composition of the
Magic Flute in 1782 to the Magic Flute musical work itself. This musical work
can then be used in particular performances.

Domain:	Composition	Composition
Range:	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Inverse-of:	mo:composed_in
Sub-property-of:	product	product

Property: mo:producer - stable - level 1

producer - Used to relate the manifestation of a work to a person or a group of person who produced it.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	mo:produced

Property: event:product - stable - level 2

product - Associates an event to something it produces.
Example: a sound, a score, a musical work...

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	rdfs:Resource
Inverse-of:	event:producedIn

Property: mo:publication_of - unstable - level 1

publication_of - Link a particular manifestation to the related signal, score, libretto, or lyrics

Domain:	PublishedLyrics	PublishedLyrics	PublishedLibretto	PublishedLibretto	PublishedScore	PublishedScore	Record	Record
Range:	Lyrics	Lyrics	Libretto	Libretto	Score	Score	Signal	Signal
Inverse-of:	mo:published_as

Property: mo:published - unstable - level 1

published - Used to relate an person or a group of person who published the manifestation of a work.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Inverse-of:	mo:publisher

Property: mo:published_as - stable - level 1

published_as - Links a signal or a score to its manifestations - this is a subproperty of frbr:embodiment (linking
an Expression to a Manifestation)

Domain:	Lyrics	Lyrics	Libretto	Libretto	Score	Score	Signal	Signal
Range:	PublishedLyrics	PublishedLyrics	PublishedLibretto	PublishedLibretto	PublishedScore	PublishedScore	Record	Record
Inverse-of:	mo:publicationOf
Sub-property-of:	manifestation	manifestation	frbr:embodiment

Property: mo:publisher - unstable - level 1

publisher - Used to relate a musical manifestation to a person or a group of person who published it.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	Agent	Agent
Inverse-of:	mo:published

Property: mo:publishing_location - stable - level 1

publishing_location - Relates a musical manifestation to its publication location.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	SpatialThing

Property: mo:puid - stable - level 1

puid - Link a signal to the PUIDs associated with it, that is, PUID computed from MusicalItems (mo:AudioFile)
derived from this signal.

PUIDs (Portable Unique IDentifier) are the IDs used in the
proprietary MusicDNS AudioFingerprinting system which is operated by MusicIP.

Using PUIDs, one (with some luck) can identify the Signal object associated with a particular audio file, therefore allowing
to access further information (on which release this track is featured? etc.). Using some more metadata one can identify
the particular Track corresponding to the audio file (a track on a particular release).

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	xsd:string

Property: tl:rangeTimeLine - stable - level 3

rangeTimeLine - This property allows to associate a TimeLineMap with the second TimeLine it maps

Domain:	TimeLineMap	TimeLineMap
Range:	TimeLine	TimeLine

Property: mo:recorded_as - stable - level 2

recorded_as - This is a shortcut property, allowing to bypass all the Sound/Recording steps. This property
allows to directly link a Performance to the recorded Signal. This is recommended for "normal"
users. However, advanced users wanting to express things such as the location of the microphone will
have to create this shortcut as well as the whole workflow, in order to let the "normal" users access
simply the, well, simple information:-) .

Domain:	Performance	Performance
Range:	Signal	Signal
Inverse-of:	mo:records

Property: mo:recorded_in - unstable - level 2

recorded_in - Associates a physical Sound to a Recording event where it is being used
in order to produce a signal. For example, I might use this property to
associate the sound produced by a particular performance of the magic flute
to a given recording, done using my cell-phone.

Domain:	Sound	Sound
Range:	Recording	Recording
Inverse-of:	mo:recording_of
Sub-property-of:	isFactorOf	isFactorOf

Property: mo:recording_of - stable - level 2

recording_of - Associates a Recording event to a physical Sound being recorded.
For example, I might use this property to
associate a given recording, done using my cell phone, to the
sound produced by a particular performance of the magic flute.

Domain:	Recording	Recording
Range:	Sound	Sound
Inverse-of:	mo:recorded_in
Sub-property-of:	factor	factor

Property: mo:records - unstable - level 2

records - This is the inverse of the shortcut property recordedAs, allowing to relate directly a performance
to a signal.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Performance	Performance
Inverse-of:	mo:recordedAs

Property: mo:release_status - stable - level 1

release_status - Relates a musical manifestation to its release status (bootleg, ...)

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	ReleaseStatus	ReleaseStatus

Property: mo:release_type - stable - level 1

release_type - Relates a musical manifestation to its release type (interview, spoken word, album, ...)

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	ReleaseType	ReleaseType

Property: mo:remaster_of - unstable - level 1

remaster_of - This relates two musical work or the expression of a musical work, where one is a remaster of the other.

A remaster is a new version made for release from source recordings that were earlier released separately. This is usually done to improve the audio quality or adjust for more modern playback equipment. The process generally doesn't involve changing the music in any artistically important way. It may, however, result in tracks that are a few seconds longer or shorter.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:remix_of - unstable - level 1

remix_of - Used to relate the remix of a musical work in a substantially altered version produced by mixing together individual tracks or segments of an original musical source work.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	Signal	Signal

Property: mo:remixed - unstable - level 1

remixed - Used to relate an artist who remixed a musical work or the expression of a musical work.

This involves taking just one other musical work and using audio editing to make it sound like a significantly different, but usually still recognisable, song. It can be used to link an artist to a single song that they remixed, or, if they remixed an entire musical work.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	Signal	Signal
Inverse-of:	mo:remixer

Property: mo:remixer - unstable - level 1

remixer - Used to relate a musical work or the expression of a musical work to an artist who remixed it.

This involves taking just one other musical work and using audio editing to make it sound like a significantly different, but usually still recognisable, song. It can be used to link an artist to a single song that they remixed, or, if they remixed an entire musical work.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Inverse-of:	mo:remixed

Property: mo:review - stable - level 1

review - Used to link a work or the expression of a work to a review.

The review does not have to be open content, as long as it is accessible to the general internet population.

Domain:	Manifestation	Expression	Work
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Property: mo:sample_rate - stable - level 1

sample_rate - Associates a digital signal to its sample rate. It might be easier to express it this way instead of
defining a timeline map:-) Range is xsd:float.

Domain:	DigitalSignal	DigitalSignal
Range:	xsd:float

Property: mo:sampled - unstable - level 1

sampled - Used to relate an artist who sampled a Signal.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	Signal	Signal
Inverse-of:	mo:sampler

Property: mo:sampled_version - stable - level 2

sampled_version - Associates an analog signal with a sampled version of it

Domain:	AnalogSignal	AnalogSignal
Range:	DigitalSignal	DigitalSignal
Inverse-of:	mo:sampled_version_of

Property: mo:sampled_version_of - stable - level 2

sampled_version_of - Associates a digital signal with the analog version of it

Domain:	DigitalSignal	DigitalSignal
Range:	AnalogSignal	AnalogSignal
Inverse-of:	mo:sampled_version

Property: mo:sampler - unstable - level 1

sampler - Used to relate the manifestation of a musical work to an artist who sampled it.

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Inverse-of:	mo:sampled

Property: mo:sell_item - stable - level 1

sell_item - A person, a group of person or an organization selling an exemplar of a single manifestation.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Item

Property: mo:similar_to - unstable - level 1

similar_to - A similarity relationships between two objects (so far, either an agent, a signal or a genre, but
this could grow).
This relationship is pretty general and doesn't make any assumptions on how the similarity claim
was derived.
Such similarity statements can come from a range of different sources (Musicbrainz similarities between
artists, or coming from some automatic content analysis).
However, the origin of such statements should be kept using a named graph approach - and ultimately, the
documents providing such statements should attach some metadata to themselves (confidence of the claim, etc.).

Domain:	Genre	Genre	Signal	Signal	Agent	Agent
Range:	Genre	Genre	Signal	Signal	Agent	Agent

Property: event:sub_event - stable - level 3

sub_event - Allows to link an event to a sub-event. A sub-event might be an event split by time,
space, agents, factors... This property can be used to express things such as "during
this performance, this person was playing this instrument at this particular time", through
the creation of a sub-event, occuring at this given time, and having as agent the person and
as factor the instrument

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	Event	Event

Property: mo:supporting_musician - unstable - level 1

supporting_musician - Used to relate an artist doing long-time instrumental or vocal support for another artist.

Domain:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist
Range:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist

Property: mo:tempo - stable - level 2

tempo - Rate of speed or pace of music. Tempo markings are traditionally given in Italian;
common markings include: grave (solemn; very, very slow); largo (broad; very slow);
adagio (quite slow); andante (a walking pace); moderato (moderate); allegro (fast; cheerful);
vivace (lively); presto (very fast); accelerando (getting faster); ritardando (getting slower);
and a tempo (in time; returning to the original pace).

Domain:	Performance	Performance	MusicalWork	MusicalWork
Range:	xsd:string

Property: event:time - stable - level 2

time - Associate an event with a time interval or a time instant.

The associated time object contains the actual temporal extent of the event.

For example, linking an event to the 9th of August, 2007, will specify that this event
happened during this day.

Domain:	Event	Event
Range:	time:TemporalEntity

Property: mo:time - stable - level 1

time - Associates a Signal to a time object - its actual domain

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	time:TemporalEntity

Property: mo:track - stable - level 1

track - Indicates a part of a musical manifestation - in this particular case, a track.

Domain:	Record	Record
Range:	Track	Track

Property: mo:track_number - stable - level 1

track_number - Indicates the position of a track on a record medium (a CD, etc.).

Domain:	Track	Track
Range:	xsd:int

Property: mo:translation_of - unstable - level 1

translation_of - Indicates that a work or the expression of a work has translated or transliterated into another expression of a work.

Domain:	Expression
Range:	Expression

Property: mo:tribute_to - unstable - level 1

tribute_to - Indicates a musical work or the expression of a musical work that is a tribute to an artist - normally consisting of music being composed by the artist but performed by other artists.

Domain:	MusicalManifestation	MusicalManifestation
Range:	MusicArtist	MusicArtist

Property: mo:trmid - stable - level 1

trmid - Indicates the TRMID of a track.
TRM IDs are MusicBrainz' old AudioFingerprinting system.
TRM (TRM Recognizes Music) IDs are (somewhat) unique ids that represent
the audio signature of a musical piece (see AudioFingerprint).

Domain:	Signal	Signal
Range:	xsd:string

Property: mo:want_item - stable - level 1

want_item - A person, a group of person or an organization wanting an exemplar of a single manifestation.

Domain:	Agent	Agent
Range:	Item

Property: mo:wikipedia - stable - level 1

wikipedia - Used to link an work, an expression of a work, a manifestation of a work,
a person, an instrument or a musical genre to its corresponding WikiPedia page.
The full URL should be used, not just the WikiName.

Domain:	Genre	Genre	Instrument	Instrument	Agent	Agent	Item	Manifestation	Expression	Work
Range:	foaf:Document
Sub-property-of:	foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf

Individual: album - level 1

album - One or more track issued together. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: audiobook - level 1

audio book - Book read by a narrator without music. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: bootleg - level 1

bootleg - An unofficial/underground musical work or the expression of a musical work that was not sanctioned by the artist and/or the corporate body.

Class:	mo:ReleaseStatus

Individual: compilation - level 1

compilation - Collection of previously released manifestations of a musical expression by one or more artists. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: ep - level 1

ep - An EP

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: interview - level 1

interview - Recording of the questioning of a person. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: live - level 1

live - A musical manifestation that was recorded live. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: official - level 1

official - Any musical work or the expression of a musical work officially sanctioned by the artist and/or their corporate body.

Class:	mo:ReleaseStatus

Individual: promotion - level 1

promotion - A giveaway musical work or the expression of a musical work intended to promote an upcoming official musical work or the expression of a musical work.

Class:	mo:ReleaseStatus

Individual: remix - level 1

remix - Musical manifestation that primarily contains remixed material. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: soundtrack - level 1

soundtrack - Sound recording on a narrow strip of a motion picture film. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: spokenword - level 1

spoken word - Spoken word is a form of music or artistic performance in which lyrics, poetry, or stories are spoken rather than sung. Spoken-word is often done with a musical background, but emphasis is kept on the speaker. This is a type of MusicalManifestation defined by the musical industry.

Class:	mo:ReleaseType

Individual: universaltimeline - level 3

universal time line - The "canonical" physical time-line, on which points/intervals are addressed through UTC. (Remember: we do here the amalgam between timelines and coordinate systems, as we choose one canonical one per timeline).

Class:	tl:PhysicalTimeLine

Ontology namespaces referenced:

Prefix	XML Namespace	Specification
frbr	http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#	Expression of Core FRBR Concepts in RDF
timeline	http://purl.org/NET/c4dm/timeline.owl#	The TimeLine ontology
event	http://purl.org/NET/c4dm/event.owl#	The Event ontology
time	http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-time/	The Time ontology
dc	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/	Dublin Core Element Set v1.1
dcterms	http://purl.org/dc/terms/	Dublin Core Element Refinements and Encoding Schemes
foaf	http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/	Friend of a Friend (FOAF) Vocabulary
rel	http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/	Relationship: A vocabulary for describing relationships between people
sim	http://purl.org/ontology/sim/	Similarity Ontology: A vocabulary for describing similarity level between relations

References

"Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records - Final Report", 1998 by International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, ISBN 3-598-11382-X. (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm.)
[RFC 2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels," RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997. (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt.)
[RFC 2396] T.Berners-Lee, et al, "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax," RFC 2396, Internet Engineering Task Force, August 1998. (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt.)

Change Log

2008-02-05: Revision 1.13 of the Music Ontology Specification
- FIXED: wrong bio namespace
- ADDED: owl:imports statements, to make the Music Ontology load fine in Protege
- ADDED: OWL typing for all properties
- ADDED: XSD types as ranges for literal properties
2007-08-10: Revision 1.12 of the Music Ontology Specification
- ADDED: mo:availableAs subPropertyOf frbr:examplar
- ADDED: mo:Torrent as medium (bittorrent items)
- ADDED: mo:ED2K as medium (edonkey items)
- ADDED: mo:usesScore (Performance --> Score (particular arrangement of a work))
- ADDED: mo:preview_download (Agent or Manifestation to Document
- ADDED: mo:download, super-property of mo:previewdonwload, mo:paiddownload and mo:freedownload
- ADDED: mo:AudioFile (as a medium)
- ADDED: two sub-properties of mo:availableAs -- mo:item (full manifestation available) and mo:preview (only a part of the manifestation is available)
- ADDED: wrapper for foaf:maker, foaf:made, foaf:Agent, foaf:Person, foaf:Group, foaf:member
- ADDED: mo:isrc (international standard recording code)
- ADDED: mo:encodes (musical item --> signal), allowing to associate, for example, an item to a lower-resolution version of the master signal (issued from a Recording event)
- ADDED: mo:genre, subproperty of event:hasFactor
- ADDED: mo:level, an annotation property to specify wether a term belongs to level 1, 2 or 3
- ADDED: mo:sampled_version, inverse of sampled_version_of
- ADDED: produced_score (Arrangement --> Score)
- MODIFIED: mo:usesSound to mo:recording_of (still a owl:sameAs statement between these two for backward compatibility sake)
- MODIFIED: mo:usedInRecording to mo:recorded_in (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:producesSignal to mo:produced_signal (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:producesSound to mo:produced_sound (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:usesWork to mo:performance_of (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:productOfComposition to mo:composed_in (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:usedInPerformance to mo:performed_in (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:producesWork to mo:produced_work (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:paiddownload to mo:paid_download (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:freedownload to mo:free_download (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:signalTime to mo:time (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:sampledVersionOf to mo:sampled_version_of (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:has_track to mo:track (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:trackNum to mo:track_number (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:releaseType to mo:release_type (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:releaseStatus to mo:release_status (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:eventHomePage to mo:event_homepage (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:hasManifestation to mo:manifestation (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:publishedAs to mo:published_as (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:movementNum to mo:movement_number (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:publicationOf to mo:publication_of (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:publishingLocation to mo:publishing_location (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:sampleRate to mo:sample_rate (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:recordedAs to mo:recorded_as (same)
- MODIFIED: mo:image subproperty of foaf:depiction
- MODIFIED: changed comments and domain of freedownload and paiddownload
- MODIFIED: changed comments on mo:MusicalWork
- MODIFIED: changed comments on availableAs
- MODIFIED: mo:encoding has MusicalItem as a domain
- DELETED: mo:creatorOf - use foaf:made instead
- DELETED: mo:pitch and mo:timbre - this should go to the audio features ontology
- DELETED: mo:stream_url (it should be the identifier of the resource (eg. rtsp://...)
- DELETED: sub concepts of mo:Instrument - instead, a link to Ivan Herman musical instrument SKOS taxonomy
- DELETED: sub concepts of mo:Genre - instead a more proper documentation of this concept
2007-03-21: Revision 1.11 of the Music Ontology Specification
- ADDED: mo:Festival and mo:Show
- ADDED: mo:eventHomePage
- ADDED: records (inverse of recordedAs) and publicationOf (inverse of publishedAs)
- ADDED: mo:composer (Composition --> Agent)
- ADDED: mo:producesWork (Composition --> MusicalWork)
- ADDED: mo:usedInPerformance (Work --> Performance)
- ADDED: mo:productOfComposition (MusicalWork --> Composition)
- ADDED: mo:usesWork (Performance --> MusicalWork)
- ADDED: Medium subclassof MusicalItem
- ADDED: mo:producesSound (Perfomance --> Sound)
- ADDED: mo:usedInRecording (Sound --> Recording)
- ADDED: mo:usesSound (Recording --> Sound)
- ADDED: mo:producesSignal (Recording --> Signal)
- ADDED: shortcut mo:recordedAs (Performance --> Signal)
- ADDED: term status: all subproperties of hasAgent, hasProduct, has Factor are stable, all the inverse are unstable
- ADDED: mo:musibrainz (Work;Expression;Manifestation;Item;Agent;Instrument;Genre --> Document)
- ADDED: mo:ep a ReleaseType
- ADDED: mo:publicationLocation (MusicalManifestation --> SpatialThing)
- ADDED: mo:contains_sample_from (Signal --> Signal)
- ADDED: wrapper for event:place (Event --> SpatialThing)
- CHANGED: pitch and timber' domain: now Signal
- CHANGED: remixed has as a domain Signal, same for the range of remixer
- CHANGED: same thing for sampled/sampler
- CHANGED: same thing for djmixed
- CHANGED: same thing for remix_of
- CHANGED: same thing for medley_of
- CHANGED: same thing for djmix_of
- CHANGED: same thing for remaster_of
- CHANGED: same thing for mashup_of
- CHANGED: collaborated_with/other_release_of are symmetric
- CHANGED: added inverse properties statements on all djmix/...
- CHANGED: mark compilation_of as unstable. this should be done through a release type and through explicit links to each Signal.
- CHANGED: translation_of goes from a MusicalExpression to a MusicalExpression (well, a Work is independent of its wording)
- CHANGED: tribute_to from MusicalManifestation to Artist

2007-02-26: Revision 1.10 of the Music Ontology Specification
- ADDED: Clear conceptual separation between MusicalExpression and the process leading to it:
  - MusicalExpression:
  - - Sound subClassOf MusicalExpression,Event
    - Score subClassOf MusicalExpression
    - Signal subClassOf MusicalExpression,Event
  - DigitalSignal subClassOf Signal
  - ContinuousSignal subClassOf Signal
  - Lyrics subClassOf MusicalExpression
  - Libretto subClassOf MusicalExpression
  - Events leading (eventually) to MusicalExpression
  - - Performance subClassOf Event
    - Arrangement subClassOf Event
  - Orchestration subClassOf Arrangement
  - Instrumentation subClassOf Arrangement
  - - Composition subClassOf Event
    - Recording subClassOf Event
- ADDED: sub properties of hasAgent, related to Performance:
  - performer/performed
  - conductor/conducted
  - listener/listened
- and related to Recording AND Performance
ADDED: PublishedScore - a published score
ADDED: PublishedLibretto - a published libretto
ADDED: PublishedLyrics - published lyrics
ADDED: Record, a musical manifestation which first aim is to render the product of a recording
ADDED: Album/Interview/SpokenWork subClassOf MusicalManifestation
ADDED: rdf:type owl:Class everywhere:-)
ADDED: RDFS wrappers for the relevant classes of the following DL ontologies: owl-time, event, and timeline
ADDED: Changed Interview/release/Live/... to individuals, instance of a class ReleaseType, same for Bootleg/..., individuals of a class ReleaseStatus
ADDED: Properties to link MusicalManifestation to items, status, and types
REMOVED: MusicalItem subClassOf MusicalManifestation, frbr:Manifestation
REMOVED: mo:title, use dc:title instead
REMOVED: mo:record, use mo:publishedAs instead (which goes from Signal,Score,Lyrics,Libretto to Record,PublishedScore,PublishedLyrics,PublishedLibretto)
REMOVED: member_of, use foaf:member, now a MusicGroup is a foaf:Group
REMOVED: realization_of, and inverse, use a Performance, or a Performance and a Recording
REMOVED: mo:duration, use event:time instead (a Work cannot have a duration, btw). it seems like dc:format may be used for this as well (see http://dublincore.org/documents/format-element/)
REMOVED: second occurence of tempo
REMOVED: recordingstudio, use the place of a recording event instead
REMOVED: composer, use dc:creator instead
REMOVED: composed, use Composition
REMOVED: performed/performer/orchestrated/... use Performance / performer /
performed/orchestrator/... (subProperties of hasAgent)
REMOVED: provided_instrumentation / provider_of_instrumentation, use Arrangement
REMOVED: wrote_lyrics, just use dc:creator on the Lyrics instance, and this as a factor of the performance - same thing for Libretto
REMOVED: arranged, use Arrangement
REMOVED: instrument, trying to model a 3ary predicate... use a Performance
Changed: CorporateBody subClassOf foaf:Organization
Changed: SoloMusicArtist subClassOf foaf:Person, mo:MusicArtist
Changed: MusicGroup subClassOf foaf:Group, mo:MusicArtist
Changed: Album, Interview, SpokenWord, AudioBook, Compilation, Live, Remix, Soundtrack subClassOf MusicalManifestation
Changed: Release status is just linked to the Manifestation, neither the Work or the Expression
Changed: bpm/tempo/key has as a domain both MusicalWork (unchanged) and Performance (this is a factor of the performance, not of the "sound")
Changed: has_movement was pointing towards a bad URI
Changed: pitch/domain has as a domain Sound (pitch for MusicalWork?)
Changed: djmixed has as a range MusicalManifestation (DJs work with actual vynils/tracks...)
Changed: second occurence of djmixed to djmixed_by
Changed: remix_of goes from MusicalManifestation to MusicalManifestation (this track is a remix of this other track?)
Changed: same thing for medley_of (this track is a medley of this track, this track, this track)

2007-02-12: Revision 1.03 of the Music Ontology Specification
- Changed the range of mo:key from a rdfs:Literal to a http://purl.org/NET/c4dm/music.owl#Key
- Added property mo:opus
- Added mo:MusicalWork in the domain of: mo:bpm, mo:duration, mo:key, mo:pitch
- Added class mo:Movement
- Added property mo:has_movement
- Added property mo:movementNum
- Added property mo:tempo
- Added mo:Instrument in the range of mo:title
- Remove mo:MusicalWork and mo:MusicalManifestation and added mo:MusicalManifestation to the property's domain mo:publisher, mo:producer, mo:engineer, mo:conductor, mo:arranger, mo:sampler, mo:compiler
- Remove mo:MusicalWork and mo:MusicalManifestation and added mo:MusicalManifestation to the property's range mo:published, mo:produced, mo:engineering, mo:conducted, mo:arranged, mo:sampled, mo:compiled
2007-01-30: Revision 1.02 of the Music Ontology Specification
2007-01-06: Revision 1.01 of the Music Ontology Specification
2006-12-21: Initial version of the Music Ontology Specification

Music Ontology Specification

Specification Document - 5 February 2007

Abstract

Status of This Document

Table of Contents

Introduction

Terminology and Notation

Music Ontology At A Glance

External Ontologies used by the Music Ontology At A Glance

Music Ontology At A Glance - Level 1 terms

Music Ontology At A Glance - Level 2 terms

Music Ontology At A Glance - Level 3 terms

Music Ontology Overview

MO Basics

MO Record Types

MO Release Status

MO Mediums

MO Performance Relationships

MO Signal Relationships

MO Musical Work Relationships

MO Musical Expression Relationships

MO Musical Item Trading Relationships

MO Record Relationships

MO Arrangement Relationships

MO Musical Expression/Manifestation Relationships

MO Musical Manifestation / Musical Item Relationships

MO Publication Relationships

MO Other Versions Relationships

MO workflow properties

MO Production Relationships

MO Musical Association Relationships

MO Affiliate Relationships

MO External web document links Relationships

MO Get Music Relationships

MO Music Communities Relationships

MO Show/Festival Relationships

Music Ontology Classes Hierarchy

RDF Document Examples

Examples of SPARQL queries against these RDF graphs

Background

The Music Ontology Description

Evolution and Extension of the Music Ontology

Music Ontology Modules

Time, and TimeLine, Event

Music Creation Workflow

The Music Ontology and Standards

The Music Ontology and RDF

The Music Ontology cross-reference: Classes, Properties and Individuals

Classes, Properties and Individuals (full detail)

Class: tl:AbstractTimeLine - unstable - level 3

Class: foaf:Agent - stable - level 1

Class: mo:AnalogSignal - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Arrangement - stable - level 2

Class: mo:AudioFile - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:CD - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:Composition - stable - level 2

Class: mo:CorporateBody - stable - level 1

Class: mo:DAT - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:DCC - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:DVDA - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:DigitalSignal - stable - level 2

Class: mo:ED2K - unstable - level 1

Class: event:Event - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Festival - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Genre - stable - level 2

Class: foaf:Group - stable - level 1

Class: time:Instant - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Instrument - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Instrumentation - stable - level 2

Class: time:Interval - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Label - stable - level 1

Class: mo:Libretto - stable - level 2

Class: mo:Lyrics - stable - level 2

Class: mo:MD - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:MagneticTape - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:Medium - unstable - level 1

Class: mo:Movement - unstable - level 2

Class: mo:MusicArtist - stable - level 1

Class: mo:MusicGroup - stable - level 1

Class: mo:MusicalExpression - unstable - level 1

MO Performance
Relationships

MO Signal
Relationships

MO Musical Work
Relationships

MO Musical Expression
Relationships

MO Musical Item
Trading Relationships

MO Record
Relationships

MO Arrangement
Relationships

MO Musical Expression/
Manifestation
Relationships

MO Musical Manifestation /
Musical Item
Relationships

MO Publication
Relationships

MO Other Versions
Relationships

MO Production
Relationships

MO Musical Association
Relationships

MO Affiliate
Relationships

MO External web document links
Relationships

MO Get Music
Relationships

MO Music Communities
Relationships

MO Show/Festival
Relationships